Accidents related to chemical process operations have resulted in loss of human lives, assets, business interruptions, and has negative reputation on the company. The paper is going to highlight how deficiency in compliance audit can lead to catastrophic incidents. Process Safety Management program is a performance standard and the paper will summarize the recognized best practice for performing safety audit reviews using William Geismar Incident as a case study.

These elements are the minimum requirements extracted from OSHA 1910.119 [1] .

All employees that play a role in facility operations should be involved in a PSM program. Each of the following elements requires a competent and experienced team of individuals to drive each PSM element. 

The PSI element requires that employers collect and document highly hazardous chemical information. This information pertains to the chemicals, technology, and equipment used in the process. This information should be accessible to all employees. 

A PHA is performed by a team of engineering and maintenance experts that are able to identify, evaluate, and control hazards. 

The purpose of the RBPS Guidelines is to provide tools that will help process safety professionals build and operate more effective process safety management systems. These guidelines provide guidance on how to design a process safety management system, correct a deficient system, and improve process safety management practices.

These elements can be designed and implemented at varying levels of rigor to optimize process safety management performance, efficiency, and effectiveness.

• Process safety culture
• Compliance with standards
• Process safety competency
• Workforce involvement
• Stakeholder Outreach

• Process knowledgeable management 
• Hazard identification and risk analysis 

• Operating Procedures
• Safe Work Practices
•  Asset Integrity and Reliability
•  Contractor Management
•  Training and Performance Assurance
• Management of Change
• Operational Readiness
•  Conduct of Operations
• Emergency Management

• Incident Investigation
• Measurement and Metrics
• Auditing
• Management Review and Continuous Improvement

Auditing is an element of most PSM frameworks globally and is a critical element which determines the effectiveness of the PSM program. Audits employ protocols and checklists to verify compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards. They help to ensure programs are properly designed and implemented. Audits identify program deficiencies so that recommendations can be developed for corrective action. Without regular audits, programs will not stay current and will deteriorate, causing companies to face increased health, safety, and environmental risks.  

There are three main phases of the audit:

• Pre-audit: Planning and organizing the audit, establishing the audit objectives, scope and protocol and reviewing the design of the program by examining documentation.
• On-site audit: Conducting personnel interviews, reviewing records, and making observations to assess program implementation.
• Post-audit: Briefing management on the audit findings, and preparing a report.

The Williams Geismar Olefins Plant, which employs approximately 110 people, is located in Geismar, Louisiana, approximately 20 miles southeast of Baton Rouge. Plant produces ethylene and propylene, these chemicals used in petrochemical industries to make variety of products including plastics and antifreeze. 

Figure 1 Plant Layout from Google Earth

Within the Williams Process, is a distillation column called propylene fractionator, it separates a mixture of propane and propylene. Heat exchangers called reboilers supply heat to the fractionator to boil the propane and propylene mixture, which is essential to separation process. The reboilers are shell and tube heat exchangers. Hot water flows through the tubes, heating and vaporizing propane that flows through the shell and back to the propylene fractionator. 

Figure 2 Flow diagram of the process [4]

Figure 3 Reboiler Design [4] 

On June 13th, 2013, during daily meeting with operations and maintenance personnel, the Williams plant manager noticed that the water flowrate through the operating reboiler had dropped gradually over the past day. The operation supervisor informed the group that he would try to identify the problem, he went into the plant to evaluate the water flowrates, the operation supervisor informed several personnel that fouling within the reboiler could be the problem, that they might need to switch the reboiler. He attempted to meet with his managers so they could get necessary maintenance and operation personnel involved who would perform the work. But his manager was not available, operations supervisor returned to the field and opened the water valves on the stand by reboiler, hot water began flowing inside, but the valves blocking the reboiler from its protective pressure relief valves remained closed. Unknown to the operations supervisor the standby reboiler contained flammable liquid propane that had accumulated during the reboiler was out of service. The hot water heated the liquid propane confined inside the reboiler and pressure increased leading to the rupture of the reboiler. A Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Cloud Explosion (BLEVE) resulted in the reboiler rupture, the release fluid ignited to create a massive fireball. 

The water that flows through the tubes of the exchanger contain a small amount of oily tar which condenses into the water earlier in the process. Over time the oily tar from the water builds up the walls of the reboiler tubes, resulting in fouling. Periodic cleaning of tubes by shutting down, there by increasing the heat transfer efficiency. The original propylene fractionator design had both reboilers running simultaneously but in that configuration the fractionator needs to be shut down, when reboiler had been fouled and needed cleaning. To prevent shut down of the propylene fractionator each time the reboilers need to be cleaned, a block valve was installed for ease of changeover of exchangers. In 2001, new valves were installed on each reboiler to allow for operations of only one reboiler at a time. The other reboiler was on standby, clean, and ready to use. But unforeseen at that time these valves introduced a serious hazard, they isolated the standby reboiler from its protective pressure relief valve located on top of the fractionator. 

Figure 4 Propylene fractionator scheme at the time of incident [4] 

•  In 2001, Williams performed one MOC to cover the installation of valves on the six quench water heat exchangers identified in the 2000 proposal, including the propylene fractionator Reboiler A and Reboiler B. The Williams MOC process required all the members of different department to consider the potential safety implications of installing the valves. They did this by answering checklist questions used to prompt targeted analysis for each department. While MOC checklists can ensure consideration of common hazards, the Williams MOC reviewers nevertheless did not identify the serious overpressure hazards introduced by installing valves on the reboilers.
• The MOC process is intended to provide a method to identify and control all possible hazards presented by a process change before making the process change in the facility. Williams, however, did not perform an MOC before installing and commissioning the new block valves on the reboilers. The MOC was an after-the-fact activity for Williams to address a regulatory requirement rather than an effective tool used to identify and control new process hazards prior to installing the new equipment.
• MOC reviewers did not identify that the reboilers required overpressure protection because of the introduction of the block valves in the shell side of the reboiler.
• The MOC reviewers incorrectly indicated that existing operating procedures were adequate to account for the new valves, even though there was no procedure specifically for switching the propylene fractionator reboilers. Williams generic procedure was based on the assumption that all reboilers had the process fluid on the tube side of the reboiler, which was not the configuration of the propylene fractionator Reboiler B. As a result, attempting to use this generic procedure to start up Reboiler B could be confusing to workers and could result in initiating an overpressure scenario on the shell side of Reboiler B, a pressure vessel that was not equipped with a protective pressure relief device.
• MOC reviewers improperly indicated that the change did not require a Process Hazard Analysis (PHA), a more robust hazard evaluation option.
• MOC reviewers selected incorrect responses regarding whether the new equipment met all applicable codes and standards. As the overpressure protection did not meet ASME and API standards.
• MOC was not performed for the car seal open of the block valves which was one of the action items in 2006 PHA.

Williams performed a Pre-Startup Safety Review (PSSR) as required by process safety management regulations following the introduction of the block valves. Conducting the Williams PSSR required filling out a 21-question form. Williams reviewers either did not answer or incorrectly answered key PSSR process safety questions. PSSR was not performed for the car seal open of the block valves which was one of the action items in 2006 PHA, which could have provided an opportunity to identify that the PHA action item to car seal open a block valve on both reboilers were not complete.

The block valves were installed on the reboilers, to operate one reboiler at a time. PHA done in the year 2001, could not identify the overpressure scenario caused by the block valves. Again, PHA was performed in the year 2006 as part of the revalidation cycle. The PHA team identified the overpressure scenario and recommended car seal opening (CSO) of the outlet block valves. But, 2006 PHA action item was marked complete without car seal open or lock open the block valve. In the year 2011, PHA accepted closure of 2006 action item and depended completely on previous documentation and recommended to update the P&ID which showed that block valves were not car seal open. 

In 2008, Williams performed a relief valve engineering analysis, to ensure the valves were properly sized for the equipment they were designed to protect. The analysis identified that the propylene fractionator reboilers did not have sufficient overpressure protection. The engineering firm suggested two mitigation options

• Car seal open of the block valves in the inlet/outlet of the reboilers shell side
• Installation of new relief valve to protect the shell side of the reboilers

Since, car seal open of the block valves was one of the action items during 2006 PHA. So, Williams assumed that this was complete. Because the company did not fully implement the 2006 PHA action item, this overpressure hazard remained unmitigated.

Figure 5 Timeline of events 

• Process Safety Management is a performance standard which requires proper implementation and upkeep of each PSM element.
• Engineers and supervisors should make risk-based decisions when having operational changes
• A robust management of change program is essential and is one of the elements where company still struggle to implement
• Using the hierarchy of controls when evaluating and selecting safeguards to control process hazards, whenever there is a process change.
• Establishing a strong organizational process safety culture, ie. when proper procedures or checklist for PSSR needs to be documented and approved by higher management.
• Developing robust process safety management programs and action item closure management.  From time-to-time action items needs to be tracked and had to be closed within reasonable timelines.
• Ensuring continual vigilance in implementing process safety management programs to prevent major process safety incidents. Example audit to be performed at regular intervals.
• Car seal or locked (open/close) valves have to be audited to ensure the integrity of the process.

Figure 6 Car seal opening of the valve 

Process Safety Management audits have to be performed periodically, to identify if the current safeguards are enough to protect the plant from accidents. A process safety culture is necessary to prevent a checklist mentality to complete PSM initiatives, thorough understanding of the risk, and using risk to make appropriate operational decisions. Adequate process safety training and knowledge to employers and contractors aids in identifying catastrophic incidents. Management should embrace the deficiency and monitor the effectiveness of the PSM program using leading and lagging indicators. PSM audits should document their deficiencies with actionable items with appropriate stakeholders. The audit findings should be accessible to all the employers and the PSM Team must coordinate the closure of all action items. The recommendations provided in such audits have to be implemented and verified by the PSM Team within a reasonable timeline. 

[1] United States, Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), “OSHA 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals,” 8 February 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.osha.gov/laws- regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119.

[2] Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), Guidelines For Risk Based Process Safety, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2007.

[3] Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems, Second Edition, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2011. 

[4] Chemical Safety Board (CSB), “Williams Olefins Plant Explosion and Fire,” 19 October 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.csb.gov/williams-olefins-plant-explosion-and-fire-/

The purpose of the blog is to make readers understand about the hierarchy of laws and regulations in India. Our main aim is to make people get a basic knowledge in understanding the laws that are related to Chemical industries. Furthermore, this blog is to dispel the notion that there are no safety rules governing the Chemical Process Industry. There are more than adequate governing mechanism put in place to regulate the safety of the Chemical Process Industry. We have listed out a hierarchy chart with laws and regulations with various Ministries under the Union Council of India as the basis. 

NOTE: You can download a high quality version of the above Org Chart here.

The above hierarchy chart shows the acts and rules under each ministry which are created to protect our society and welfare of the labor and the industry. Some few important acts among the above are listed below :

DISH – Directorate of Industrial Safety and Health

MISHC – Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemicals

OISD – Oil Industry Safety Directorate

DGFASLI – Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labor Institutes

NDRF – National Disaster Response Force

PESO – Petroleum and Explosive Safety Organization

DFAB – Directorate of Factories & Boilers

EIA – Environment Impact Assessment notification 2006

IBA – Indian Boilers Act

TPLI – The Public Liability Insurance Act

CAIRS – Chemical Accident Information and Reporting System

DGH - Directorate Genral of Hydrocarbons

CAEPPR - Chemical Accident(Emergency, Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules

IRDAI - Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority

ERDMP - Emergency Response & Disaster Management Planning